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Acute viral hemorrhagic fever, known as Lassa, was first identified in 1969 in the town of Lassa, Borno State, Nigeria. Lassa is located in the valley of the Yeseram River near the southern end of Lake Chad. Three weeks after being infected with Lassa virus, patients feel sick. Pathogenesis is associated with immunosuppression, uncontrolled viral replication and host response, and infection does not cause lytic damage. Lassa viruses disable the host\\\'s immune system in several ways. The typical endosomal trafficking pathway essential for innate immune system recognition is bypassed. The most useful way for diagnosis is polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from blood. Sensitivity was reported as 79 % on the first day of hospitalization, increasing to 100 % on the third day. One of the most effective approaches to contain the spread of Lassa fever in endemic areas is to improve community cleanliness.

Full blood count is one of the critical laboratory tests. It provides information about the production of all blood cells, identifies the patient\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s ability to carry oxygen by evaluating red blood cell counts, and allows for immune system evaluation by assessing white blood cell counts with differential. This test helps diagnose anaemia, certain cancers, infections, and many others, as well as monitor the side effects of certain medications. For this reason, medical laboratories are flooded with a large number of blood and tissue samples that need to be analyzed as accurately as possible and in the shortest possible time. Moreover, it has different advantages, such as being cheap, simple to perform, and availability in different departments, from the emergency room to the critical care unit. Due to its usefulness in the assessment of health status of individuals, its parameters in cord blood, a major source of haemopoietic stem cell transplantation and an ideal source for laboratory investigations for newborns were determined to provide a useful guide to local neonatologists and stem cell transplant physicians. Therefore, it is critical to utilize this laboratory test to provide better care for patients.

Hypertension is a public health problem which has cut across all spheres of life and walks of life. From the literature review, the researcher has found that most hypertensive patients are less engaged in healthy behaviours because of knowledge deficit. The literature reviews also indicated that gender, age, level of education, lifestyle, and compliance to treatment regimen had significant association with healthy behaviours in patients with hypertension.

HIV immune activation plays an important role in the immune pathogenesis of this disease. The mechanisms that drive this immune activation are partially defined and may be the result of multiple factors. Although the introduction of concomitant antiretroviral therapy (cART) has improved life expectancy in HIV-infected individuals, some sustained immune activation occurs in these patients when plasma HIV RNA levels are \\\'undetectable\\\'. There is evidence that A better understanding of immune activation pathways should be of value in developing complementary therapies to restore the immune system in HIV-infected patients. This paper describes cytokine-mediated pathways of immune activation of her CD4 and CD8 T-cell pools during HIV infection.

Sickle cell anaemia is single point mutation in position 6 of globin chain by valine replacing glutamic acid resulting to sickling and polymerization of red blood cells. This affects the supply of oxygen and vaso-occulisve crisis may set causing many systemic damages and creates great burden to the parents and the entire society.The burden of sickle cell anaemia is still high in Africa not minding the level of awareness in the society. The selective protective advantage of protection of sickle cell trait due the endemicity of malaria may be a major factor on the burden level in Africa as well as some culture. More sickle cell education should be given in public places and included in the curriculum of different levels of education for prevention.

Anaemia is the most common nutritional deficiency indicator and health status in the world affecting about one third of the global population. Taking iron supplement during pregnancy is associated with reduction in anaemia among lactating mothers. The risk of anaemia in lactating mothers reduces with intake of iron supplement during pregnancy. Based on the study findings the researcher recommends the following. All lactating mothers should be encouraged by health team, starting with Village Health Team (VHTs) up to the facility level for regular haemoglobin checkup. Massive nutritional education should always be carried out on every antenatal and postnatal visit.

WHO identified this severe form of pneumonia caused by a new corona virus leading to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on December 31, 2019 in Wuhan, China. Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) is a respiratory disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).COVID-19 disease is believed to be transmitted primarily through contact with respiratory droplets produced by infected people, and its clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic cases and mild upper respiratory tract infections, to cases of pneumonia and severe respiratory failure and death. Globally, the new coronavirus has infected nearly 132 million people. Vaccination is an important strategy to control the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants who agreed or strongly believed they had some immunity to COVID-19 were also significantly less likely to accept the vaccine. Participants with a history of vaccine hesitancy for their children were also significantly less likely to accept the COVID-19 vaccine.

Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) involves not giving your newborn any other food or drink, including water, other than breast milk, except for drops or syrups made from vitamins, mineral supplements or prescribed medications. If This practice during the first six months of an infant`s life is a beneficial intervention to save the child\'s life. However, mothers known to be infected with HIV are at risk of transmitting the virus to their infants through breast milk, which has changed the infant feeding landscape in sub-Saharan Africa. Over the past decade, there has been an unprecedented increase in HIV infection rates among women attending antenatal clinics, leading to an increase in the number of HIV-infected children born to HIV-infected mothers worldwide. Mothers can gain knowledge about exclusive breastfeeding by visiting antenatal clinics for advice on infant feeding options and from midwives after birth. This knowledge will help HIV-infected mothers breastfeed properly without fear of transmitting the virus to their baby.

In many newborn infants, neutropaenia is a self-resolving condition. Nevertheless, it is thought that in premature infants, neutrophil formation and function are a little different. Since neutrophils play a crucial role in innate immunity, neonatal neutropenia in premature infants needs to be quickly identified and treated according to the risk factors, especially those of clinical infections. Numerous factors, including maternal and prenatal conditions, congenital syndromes, immune-mediated processes, nosocomial infections, and idiopathic conditions, can contribute to neutropenia in premature infants. However, not all premature infant neutropaenia is clinically significant and frequently does not increase the risk of infection. In this review article, we\\\'ll talk about the birth of neutrophils, neonatal neutropenia causes, how premature infants and neutropenia are related, and some effective ways to treat the condition.

Hypertension means high pressure in the arteries; it is commonly known as high blood pressure. Blood pressure from 120/80 mmHg to 139/89 mmHg is called pre-hypertension, blood pressure greater than or equal to 140/90 mmHg is considered high. Elevated systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure increases the risk of developing heart disease, kidney disease, hardening of the arteries, eye damage and stroke. These complications of hypertension are often called target organ damage, because damage to these organs is the end result of chronic high blood pressure. Most people with hypertension do not have any symptoms in the early stages, symptoms only appear after target organs are damaged. These symptoms are usually due to target organ damage and their manifestations depend on the affected organ. For this reason, regular screening of people with symptoms is essential for early diagnosis, treatment, and control of high blood pressure. Early diagnosis, treatment, and optimal control of hypertension are essential to reduce morbidity and mortality from hypertension-related diseases. A family history of hypertension shows that people with high blood pressure are nearly 6 times more likely to have high blood pressure than people with high blood pressure. People without the disease and those with high income levels are three times more likely to have high blood pressure. The greater the body mass, the more blood is needed to supply oxygen and nutrients to muscles and other tissues. Salt consumption and hypertension Sodium and salt intake remains controversial as a risk factor for hypertension, although it is true that some people are particularly sensitive to sodium. Physical activity and hypertension Inactive adolescents are more likely to have high blood pressure. Excessive consumption of saturated fatty acids and trans fatty acids is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension.

Sickle cell anemia (SCA) stands as a prominent hereditary hemoglobinopathy characterized by a mutated form of hemoglobin, culminating in diverse clinical complications. These paper endeavors to synthesize the multifaceted aspects contributing to SCA\'s onset and progression, delineating the intricate interplay of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors in shaping the disease\'s phenotype and severity. Genetically, variations in the HBB gene encoding beta-globin hold paramount importance in SCA, elucidating diverse mutation patterns and their correlation with disease severity. Furthermore, the influence of gene modifiers and their contribution to the wide spectrum of phenotypic diversity among individuals carrying the sickle cell trait is expounded upon. Beyond genetic predisposition, environmental elements wield significant influence. Geographical factors, climatic conditions, infectious agents, and socio-economic determinants are examined for their impact on disease prevalence and progression. The review extends its scope to encompass lifestyle factors, illuminating the roles of nutrition, physical activity, and psychosocial stress in shaping the clinical course of SCA.A pivotal facet in mitigating the burden of SCA lies in early detection and intervention. Exploring current screening methodologies, prognostic indicators, and emerging technologies for timely diagnosis and tailored therapeutic strategies offers promise in ameliorating complications and enhancing patient outcomes.

Sickle cell anemia (SCA) stands as a paradigm of the intricate interplay between genetic predisposition, environmental influences, and lifestyle factors shaping the complexity of this hemoglobinopathy. This comprehensive review endeavors to elucidate the multifaceted relationship between genetic determinants, environmental triggers, and individual lifestyle choices in the genesis, progression, and management of SCA. Genetically, SCA is rooted in mutations within the HBB gene, culminating in the production of aberrant hemoglobin and the characteristic sickled erythrocytes. This section scrutinizes the myriad of genetic variations, emphasizing their implications in disease severity and phenotypic diversity. The review further navigates the landscape of genetic modifiers, exploring their nuanced influence on disease manifestation among carriers of the sickle cell trait. Environmental determinants play a pivotal role in modulating the clinical course of SCA. Geographical disparities, climatic variations, prevalence of infections, and socio-economic factors intricately intertwine to influence disease prevalence, complications, and healthcare accessibility. This review meticulously examines the multifaceted impact of these environmental factors on the disease landscape. Moreover, lifestyle choices wield substantial influence over disease management and outcomes. Balanced nutrition, hydration, physical activity, and psychosocial well-being significantly impact disease severity and crisis occurrence. This section delves into the effects of lifestyle modifications, elucidating their role in minimizing complications and enhancing the quality of life for individuals navigating the challenges of SCA. This paper underscores the synergistic interplay of genetics, environmental influences, and lifestyle factors in sculpting the multifaceted nature of sickle cell anemia. Recognizing these intricate interactions provides a holistic framework for devising personalized management strategies and therapeutic interventions. The synthesis of these elements emphasizes the necessity of a comprehensive approach in unraveling the complexities of SCA and advancing tailored care for affected individuals.

Trichomonas vaginalis, a prevalent sexually transmitted parasite, poses substantial risks to maternal health during pregnancy, eliciting a multifaceted immune response crucial for host defense. Neutrophils, as primary innate immune effectors, play a pivotal role in combatting this infection within the intricate immunological landscape of pregnancy. This comprehensive review aims to elucidate the complex interplay between Trichomonas vaginalis infection and the dynamic responses of neutrophils in pregnant women, exploring mechanisms of neutrophil recruitment, activation, effector functions, and the parasite\'s evasion strategies. Insights into neutrophil dynamics and activation mechanisms reveal their essential functions in combating T. vaginalis, encompassing chemotaxis, phagocytosis, release of reactive oxygen species, and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps. Furthermore, the review discusses how pregnancy-associated immunomodulation influences neutrophil function in response to this parasitic infection. Concurrently, the elucidation of T. vaginalis evasion tactics—surface antigen variation, adhesion strategies, and immune subversion—underscores the complexity of host-parasite interactions and the challenges faced by neutrophils in eradicating the parasite. Considering the clinical implications, particularly adverse pregnancy outcomes and maternal morbidity associated with T. vaginalis infection, the review addresses current treatment modalities, management challenges during pregnancy, and potential therapeutic strategies targeting neutrophil responses and immune modulation. In conclusion, understanding the intricate interplay between T. vaginalis infection and neutrophil dynamics within pregnancy\'s immunological context provides valuable insights into potential therapeutic targets. This review advocates for further research aiming to enhance our understanding of neutrophil-parasite interactions and develop targeted interventions to ameliorate adverse outcomes associated with T. vaginalis infection in pregnant women.

The immune system\'s intricate interplay with tissue regeneration during pregnancy stands as a captivating field of scientific inquiry, offering profound insights into both maternal physiology and regenerative medicine. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the multifaceted roles of the immune system in orchestrating tissue repair throughout gestation. From the establishment of pregnancy to fetal development, an array of immune cells, cytokines, and signaling pathways collaborates to create a conducive environment for tissue regeneration. Throughout pregnancy, the immune system demonstrates a delicate equilibrium, balancing tolerance towards the fetus while ensuring protection against pathogens. Key immune cell populations such as macrophages, natural killer cells, and regulatory T cells dynamically contribute to tissue repair by modulating inflammation and promoting angiogenesis. Furthermore, cytokines and growth factors, including interleukins and TGF-?, play pivotal roles in regulating cell behavior and extracellular matrix remodeling, thereby influencing tissue regeneration. Understanding these immune-mediated mechanisms in pregnancy has significant implications for regenerative medicine. Insights gleaned from the unique immune adaptations during gestation offer potential avenues for innovative therapeutic interventions in wound healing, organ regeneration, and various pathological conditions.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) serves as a central mediator of vascular remodeling and neovascularization, essential components for successful pregnancy. This review aims to elucidate the diverse functions of VEGF in maternal vascular adaptations and placental development across the gestational timeline. Understanding the pivotal role of VEGF in maintaining vascular integrity, supporting placental function, and ensuring fetal nourishment is fundamental for comprehending the intricacies of pregnancy physiology and addressing pregnancy-associated disorders. Throughout pregnancy, the maternal circulatory system undergoes dynamic changes orchestrated by VEGF to accommodate the growing demands of the developing fetus. This section delineates VEGF\'s role in orchestrating vasodilation, angiogenesis, and increased vascular permeability, thereby optimizing blood flow to the placenta and sustaining adequate fetal oxygen and nutrient supply. Critical to fetal nourishment and development, the placenta relies significantly on VEGF-mediated processes for its formation and functionality. This segment explores VEGF\'s influence on trophoblast invasion, placental vascularization, and the establishment of an efficient maternal-fetal interface. It elucidates the impact of VEGF on regulating fetal growth, nutrient exchange, and the prevention of pregnancy-related complications. Disruptions in VEGF signaling pathways have been associated with various pregnancy complications, including preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), and gestational diabetes. This section delves into the clinical implications of aberrant VEGF expression and function, highlighting their significance in early diagnosis, risk assessment, and potential therapeutic interventions targeting VEGF pathways. Emerging therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating VEGF signaling pathways present promising avenues for managing pregnancy-related complications. This section examines potential interventions, including VEGF supplementation, receptor modulation, and innovative gene therapies, offering insights into their potential for mitigating adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with VEGF dysregulation. VEGF emerges as a fundamental player in orchestrating maternal vascular adaptations, placental development, and fetal growth regulation throughout pregnancy. A deeper comprehension of VEGF\'s multifaceted roles not only enhances our understanding of reproductive physiology but also unveils potential avenues for targeted interventions to improve maternal and fetal health outcomes.

Anemia remains a pervasive concern among children in malaria-endemic regions, presenting a significant health challenge compounded by the coexistence of malaria. This review aims to explore practical interventions and effective strategies for managing anemia specifically in children afflicted with malaria, with the overarching goal of improving health outcomes in this vulnerable population. The interplay between anemia and malaria is multifaceted, wherein the parasitic infection leads to hemolysis, compromised hemoglobin synthesis, and consequent anemia in affected children. Accurate diagnosis is pivotal, necessitating the utilization of rapid diagnostic tests for timely identification of both conditions amid overlapping symptoms. The management approach involves a comprehensive strategy encompassing prompt antimalarial therapy alongside targeted interventions addressing anemia. This includes the administration of iron supplements, folic acid, and vitamin B12, coupled with blood transfusions in severe cases to restore depleted stores and enhance erythropoiesis. Moreover, ensuring adequate nutrition, hydration, and community engagement are integral facets of holistic care. Promoting balanced diets rich in essential nutrients, alongside education programs emphasizing preventive measures and early recognition of symptoms, plays a crucial role in mitigating morbidity and mortality rates. In conclusion, the effective management of anemia in children with malaria demands a multifaceted approach, integrating timely diagnosis, tailored treatment, nutritional support, and community-based interventions. Collaborative efforts among healthcare professionals, policymakers, and communities are imperative to address the complexities of these concurrent health challenges, aiming for improved health outcomes and a brighter future for affected children in malaria-endemic regions.

Co-infection with both HIV and malaria presents a complex medical challenge, particularly concerning hematocrit variations that often result in anemia in affected individuals. This comprehensive review aims to explore and synthesize existing literature to elucidate the multifaceted nature of hematocrit alterations observed in HIV patients concurrently infected with malaria. The pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to hematocrit variations in this co-infected population involve a complex interplay between the immunosuppressive effects of HIV and the hemolytic nature of malaria parasites. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing targeted interventions. Diagnostic challenges abound due to overlapping symptoms and limitations in conventional diagnostic tools, necessitating the exploration of more advanced diagnostic methodologies to accurately assess and monitor hematocrit levels in co-infected individuals. The clinical implications of hematocrit variations in this context extend beyond mere anemia, impacting disease severity, treatment response, and the overall prognosis of affected patients. Anemia complicates therapeutic interventions, potentially affecting the efficacy of antiretroviral and antimalarial treatments. Persistent anemia in co-infected individuals increases vulnerability to opportunistic infections and compromises treatment outcomes, underscoring the necessity for comprehensive management strategies. These strategies encompass a holistic approach involving antiretroviral therapies, antimalarial drugs, nutritional support, and potential interventions such as blood transfusions in severe cases. In conclusion, this review consolidates current knowledge, emphasizing the need for further research to elucidate the nuances of hematocrit variations in HIV patients co-infected with malaria. Improved understanding, enhanced diagnostic modalities, and optimized management strategies are crucial to mitigate the impact of anemia and improve outcomes in this vulnerable patient population.

Pediatric anemia in the context of malaria infections presents a significant health challenge, particularly in regions where malaria is endemic. This abstract delves into the crucial need for integrated approaches to effectively manage anemia among children afflicted by malaria, aiming to improve their overall health outcomes. The intricate relationship between anemia and malaria underscores the importance of holistic healthcare interventions. Malaria-induced hemolysis often exacerbates anemia, leading to elevated morbidity and mortality rates in affected children. Integrated strategies encompassing healthcare interventions and robust public health initiatives are pivotal in addressing these intertwined health concerns. Key integrated healthcare interventions include early and accurate diagnosis, prompt antimalarial treatment, and tailored anemia management, such as iron supplementation and nutritional support. Community engagement initiatives promoting preventive measures and access to healthcare facilities play a critical role in reducing malaria transmission and subsequent anemia burden. In conclusion, the implementation of integrated healthcare models that amalgamate early diagnosis, prompt treatment, nutritional support, and comprehensive public health strategies is indispensable for alleviating anemia in pediatric malaria cases. Collaboration among healthcare professionals, policymakers, and communities is imperative for the successful implementation of these approaches, ultimately contributing to improved health outcomes for children affected by malaria-associated anemia.

Co-infection with HIV and malaria presents a multifaceted clinical scenario with intricate immunological interplays, wherein neutrophils, the primary mediators of innate immunity, emerge as pivotal actors. This paper aims to comprehensively analyze the dynamic role of neutrophils in the progression of HIV within the context of malaria co-infection. Neutrophils, conventionally viewed as short-lived effectors, exhibit remarkable plasticity and multifunctionality, contributing significantly to immune responses during co-infections. Their phenotype and functions undergo profound alterations in response to the complex milieu of both HIV and malaria, impacting disease progression and immunomodulation. This paper scrutinizes the nuanced alterations in neutrophil phenotypes, their diverse effector functions, and their contributions to immunopathogenesis within the HIV-malaria co-infection paradigm. Neutrophils, driven by dysregulated cytokines and inflammatory cues, exhibit heightened activation, potentially exacerbating tissue damage and chronic immune activation. Insights gleaned from understanding neutrophil dynamics in this co-infection scenario hold significant therapeutic implications. Potential interventions targeting neutrophil responses offer promising avenues for modulating immune dysregulation and managing disease progression. The review underscores the need for innovative therapeutic approaches aimed at harnessing neutrophil functionalities to mitigate HIV progression within malaria co-infected individuals. In conclusion, unraveling the intricate roles of neutrophils provides critical insights into the immunopathogenesis of HIV within the context of malaria co-infection. This comprehensive understanding not only sheds light on immune modulation but also presents a foundation for future therapeutic strategies aimed at improving clinical outcomes in this complex co-infection scenario.

Pregnancy in women with sickle cell anemia presents a unique clinical scenario, entailing intricate management strategies due to the inherent challenges posed by hemolysis and vaso-occlusive events. The convergence of the pathophysiological complexities of sickle cell anemia and the physiological changes during gestation underscores the significance of addressing hemolysis in pregnant individuals with this hemoglobinopathy. This paper synthesizes current understanding and clinical perspectives on the impact of hemolysis in pregnant women with sickle cell anemia, exploring its implications on maternal health, fetal well-being, and strategies for optimized care. Emphasis is placed on elucidating the underlying mechanisms, delineating maternal and fetal complications, and outlining current management approaches. Furthermore, this review highlights emerging interventions and future directions aimed at improving maternal and fetal outcomes in this challenging clinical scenario. By comprehensively addressing the intricacies of hemolysis in pregnant women with sickle cell anemia, this review aims to provide insights that guide clinicians and researchers toward enhancing care and ensuring better maternal-fetal health in this vulnerable population.